Linux Unix Networking Interview Questions

What is LILO? LILO stands for Linux boot loader. It will load the MBR, master boot record, into the memory, and tell the system which partition and hard drive to boot from. What is the main advantage of creating links to a file instead of copies of the file? A: The main advantage is not really that it saves disk space (though it does that too) but, rather, that a change of permissions on the file is applied to all the link access points. The link will show permissions of lrwxrwxrwx but that is for the link itself and not the access to the file to which the link points. Thus if you want to change the permissions for a command, such as su, you only have to do it on the original. With copies you have to find all of the copies and change permission on each of the copies. Write a command to find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 30 days. find / -type f -atime -30 > December.files This command will find all the files under root, which is ‘/’, with file type is file. ‘-atime -30′ will give all the files accessed less than 30 days ago. And the output will put into a file call December.files. What is the most graceful way to get to run level single user mode? A: The most graceful way is to use the command init s. If you want to shut everything down before going to single user mode then do init 0 first and from the ok prompt do a boot -s. What does the following command line produce? Explain each aspect of this line. $ (date ; ps -ef | awk ‘{print $1}’ | sort | uniq | wc -l ) >> Activity.log A: First let’s dissect the line: The date gives the date and time as the first command of the line, this is followed by the a list of all running processes in long form with UIDs listed first, this is the ps -ef. These are fed into the awk which filters out all but the UIDs; these UIDs are piped into sort for no discernible reason and then onto uniq (now we see the reason for the sort - uniq only works on sorted data - if the list is A, B, A, then A, B, A will be the output of uniq, but if it’s A, A, B then A, B is the output) which produces only one copy of each UID. These UIDs are fed into wc -l which counts the lines - in this case the number of distinct UIDs running processes on the system. Finally the results of these two commands, the date and the wc -l, are appended to the file "Activity.log". Now to answer the question as to what this command line produces. This writes the date and time into the file Activity.log together with the number of distinct users who have processes running on the system at that time. If the file already exists, then these items are appended to the file, otherwise the file is created. List the files in current directory sorted by size ? - ls -l | grep ^- | sort -nr List the hidden files in current directory ? - ls -a1 | grep "^\." Delete blank lines in a file ? - cat sample.txt | grep -v ‘^$’ > new_sample.txt Search for a sample string in particular files ? - grep .Debug. *.confHere grep uses the string .Debug. to search in all files with extension..conf. under current directory. Display the last newly appending lines of a file during appendingdata to the same file by some processes ? - tail .f Debug.logHere tail shows the newly appended data into Debug.log by some processes/user. Display the Disk Usage of file sizes under each directory in currentDirectory ? - du -k * | sort .nr (or) du .k . | sort -nr Change to a directory, which is having very long name ? - cd CDMA_3X_GEN*Here original directory name is . .CDMA_3X_GENERATION_DATA.. Display the all files recursively with path under current directory ? - find . -depth -print Set the Display automatically for the current new user ? - export DISPLAY=`eval ‘who am i | cut -d"(" -f2 | cut -d")" -f1′`Here in above command, see single quote, double quote, grave ascent is used. Observe carefully. Display the processes, which are running under yourusername ? - ps .aef | grep MaheshvjHere, Maheshvj is the username. List some Hot Keys for bash shell ? - Ctrl+l . Clears the Screen. Ctrl+r . Does a search in previously given commands in shell. Ctrl+u - Clears the typing before the hotkey. Ctrl+a . Places cursor at the beginning of the command at shell. Ctrl+e . Places cursor at the end of the command at shell. Ctrl+d . Kills the shell. Ctrl+z . Places the currently running process into background.  Display the files in the directory by file size ? - ls .ltr | sort .nr .k 5 How to save man pages to a file ? - man <command> | col .b > <output-file>Example : man top | col .b > top_help.txt How to know the date & time for . when script is executed ? - Add the following script line in shell script.eval echo "Script is executed at `date`" >> timeinfo.infHere, .timeinfo.inf. contains date & time details ie., when script is executed and history related to execution. How do you find out drive statistics ? - iostat -E Display disk usage in Kilobytes ? - du -k Display top ten largest files/directories ? - du -sk * | sort -nr | head How much space is used for users in kilobytes ? - quot -af How to create null file ? - cat /dev/null > filename1 Access common commands quicker ? - ps -ef | grep -i $@ Display the page size of memory ? - pagesize -a Display Ethernet Address arp table ? - arp -a Display the no.of active established connections to localhost ? - netstat -a | grep EST Display the state of interfaces used for TCP/IP traffice ? - netstat -i Display the parent/child tree of a process ? - ptree <pid> Example: ptree 1267 Show the working directory of a process ? - pwdx <pid> Example: pwdx 1267 Display the processes current open files ? - pfiles <pid> Example: pfiles 1267 Display the inter-process communication facility status ? - ipcs Display the top most process utilizing most CPU ? - top .b 1 Alternative for top command ? - prstat -a